By assessing the trend of air TEMPERATURE changes, it is possible to explore traces of climatic changes in the area of Iran. Climate change and TEMPERATURE increase are important human-environmental issues. Based on the change point method, it is possible to identify the onset time of changes in basic variables such as minimum and maximum TEMPERATURE. Therefore, the present research aims to analyze the change point of TEMPERATURE THRESHOLDS of heat and cold waves in Iran. The TEMPERATURE threshold means the 95th percentile for maximum TEMPERATURE values and the 5th percentile for minimum values. For this purpose, the TEMPERATURE data (minimum and maximum) of 43 synoptic stations in Iran, which have a long statistical period (1966-2018) and suitable distribution, were used. To identify the TEMPERATURE threshold change time, three change point methods - Pettitt, SNHT, and Buishand's Range Test were used. The results showed that the TEMPERATURE threshold of heat and cold waves has been increasing over the past few decades. The rising growth rate is equal to 0.019 and 0.052 degrees Celsius per year, respectively. Therefore, in the current study, it was found that the increasing trend of the TEMPERATURE threshold led to an increase in the frequency of maximum TEMPERATUREs, and on the other hand, it will lead to an increase in hot days and a decrease in cold nights, in addition to the higher frequency of events, it can be stated that the frequencies will move towards higher values. Based on the results of the spatial-temporal analysis of the THRESHOLDS, the increasing trend of the minimum TEMPERATURE in the northwest, Zagros, and southeast regions of Iran is quite evident. And from the other results of this study, we can emphasize the time of the change point or jump of the TEMPERATURE threshold of cold and heat waves around 1991. The mentioned year is in line with global studies

The first few paragraphs of a novel, or any other masterpiece, form one of the key elements of the text: the decisive threshold by which the reader enters the imaginary world and the author passes between silence and discourse. French critics use the term "incipit" to refer to this part and study it from different points of view. After briefly looking at the evolution of this term and putting forward a relevant Persian equivalent, this paper insists on the particular importance of "the First Part of a Text". The paper then recalls its particular roles and how to determine its limits, as well as analyzing concepts such as "Essential Principles of Imaginary World", "Para- Textual Elements" and "Reading Contracts". It should be noted that some examples of Persian novels and short stories will be cited while explaining the above topics and analyzing the said concepts in order to facilitate understanding and grasp of the subject matter.

The global warming process during last century has not only affected on meteorological elements but also affected on onset and end of each meteorological elements. For studying probability changes in time series of onset and end date of TEMPERATURE THRESHOLDS 0 and 5 centigrade in country level and deciding the kind and its direction, daily TEMPERATURE data during the past 45 years (1962-2006) for 29 synoptic meteorology stations have been used. For doing this research, first, extract onset and end date of TEMPERATURE in Gliosis code has been implied. The homogeny of time series was tested by run-test and construct missing value by auto-correlation. For distinguishing random data and trends which had in 95% of trusty level some changes, Mann Kendal method was used. The type and onset time trend was calculated and the changes were also calculated in terms of days with graphic of Mann Kendal and moving average 5 year. The findings of this research shows that there are positive trend at Alpha level 0.05 for onset date of 5 centigrade TEMPERATURE at 11 stations, negative trend for end date of 5 centigrade TEMPERATURE at 10 stations . There are also positive trend at Alpha level 0.05 for onset date of 0 centigrade TEMPERATURE at 10 stations, negative trend for end date of 0 centigrade TEMPERATUREs at 6 stations. The graphical Mann Kendal test also showed that trends could be as calm; jumping that each of them could be as descending and ascending.

A B S T R A C T TEMPERATURE is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase and decrease more than normal and are placed in the upper and lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating and cooling waves. The purpose of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in heating and cooling waves in Iran during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the TEMPERATURE of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily TEMPERATURE from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations and draw maps, Matlab, grads and Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling waves and heating waves, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of Iran. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling waves is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating waves. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold waves is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling waves has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating and cooling waves has been seen in the northwest, east and along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat waves have intensified in 65.8% of Iran and the intensity of cold waves has decreased in 48.5% of Iran Extended Abstract Introduction TEMPERATURE is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops and is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat and cold waves which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat waves hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality and morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, and energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme TEMPERATUREs has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution and the variability of mean values and also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in TEMPERATURE data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti and Desiato, 2008). The average surface TEMPERATURE has increased the world between 0.56 and 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily TEMPERATURE increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves THRESHOLDS in Iran, in this study, the spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves THRESHOLDS in Iran during 50 years were examined and analyzed.   Methodology The daily TEMPERATURE from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the University of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily TEMPERATURE of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, and the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating waves are the average numbers between the 95th and 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these THRESHOLDS, which is that these THRESHOLDS must be repeated two days in a row. These THRESHOLDS were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period and used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling and heating waves, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results and discussion The average of cold waves was 5.26 ° C and for the heat waves is 30.20° C. Generally, if the TEMPERATURE is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold TEMPERATUREs. A comparison of the median, mode, and average of cold waves with heat waves shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold waves and its CV is 84.22%. In southern Iran, the average threshold heat waves are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, and proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations and changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the TEMPERATURE so they pose a minimum threshold for heat waves i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west and east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat waves is increased. Heat waves have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the Iran has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 and 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the land area (including the southwest and northwest of the Country) had decreased heat waves. Cold waves, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold waves have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlands. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 and 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes and effects of heat and cold waves had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest and southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat waves trend shows that 65.8% of Iran significant positive trend and 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold waves trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend and a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change and global warming have changed the frequency and severity of TEMPERATURE extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm waves, concluded that the warm waves have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the Iran zone. Also, the study of the cold waves trend showed that 48.5 percent of Iran had a positive trend, which means that the amount of TEMPERATURE in the cold waves increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced And only 10.8 percent of Iran had a negative cold wave trend And it shows the intensity of these waves is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The Hypoaspis aculeifer Raumilben is a polyphagous species which has an important role in control of insects, mites, nematodes and fungus in the soil habitats and also is used as a biological control agent in greenhouses and fields. In this paper, the effects of constant TEMPERATURE on the demography of H. aculeifer fed on Rhizoglyphus echinopus have been investigated. This study was done at eight constant TEMPERATUREs (16, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5) oC, 60±5% RH and photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D). Net reproductive rate (R0) of the predacious mite was 0.91, 14.67, 21.87, 24.87 and 32.38  ♀/♀/G at 16, 20, 22.5, 27.5 and 30oC respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) values ranged from -0.002 (16oC) to 0.252 (30oC) d-1. The finite rate of increase (l) was 0.997 d-1 at 16oC, and 1.286 d-1 at 30oC. Using the linear model (Ikemoto and Takai), the low TEMPERATURE threshold of H. aculeifer estimated for pre-adult stages and also for constant TEMPERATURE were 10.8oC and 169.3 degree days for females and 11.2oC and 163.9 degree days for males. The estimations of the optimum TEMPERATURE, low threshold and high threshold of development were estimated by chosen models (Analytis (1) / Allahyari, Analytis (2), Analytis (3), Analytis (1)).

Olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Dip.: Tephritidae), is the main and considerable damaging pest on olive trees (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) and causes huge economic losses. In this study, the effect of TEMPERATURE on developmental rate of the Olive fruit fly was studied at 7 constant TEMPERATUREs,10, 15, 20, 24, 28, 32, and 35 °C, 60-70% RH, and a photoperiod of (L:D) 16:8h. 26 nonlinear models were evaluated to determine development rate of olive fruit flies at different TEMPERATUREs and to estimate the thermal developmental THRESHOLDS.Among evaluated nonlinear models, Lactin-2 and Briere-2 were the best fitting models for all immature stages considering the statistical criteria and biological significance of the estimations. Accordingly, the lower TEMPERATURE threshold values (T0) estimated using Briere-2 model for incubation period, egg+ larval period, pupal period and the total period of immature stages, 5- 5.001, 5- 9.16, 7.19- 9.76, and 7.69- 8.68 °C respectively. In addition, the values of the upper TEMPERATURE threshold (TU) for the mentioned developmental stages estimated 32- 43.42, 32.04- 36.23, 32.03- 36.42, and 34.03- 34.4 °C, respectively. Furthermore, estimated values for the optimal TEMPERATURE (Topt) for the same mentioned developmental stages were 27.99- 30.09, 24.43- 28.04, 25.82- 30.32, and 25.94- 26.86 °C, respectively. Finally the values of lethal TEMPERATURE threshold (Tl) for the mentioned developmental stages by using Lactin-2 model estimated as 34.31- 43.8, 37.44- 39.53, 33.67- 45, and 37.93- 40.13°C, respectively. The findings of the present study are useful for predicting the population dynamics of olive fruit flies and can be effective in developing optimal management strategies of B. oleae.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial TEMPERATURE conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal TEMPERATURE of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three TEMPERATURE conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial TEMPERATURE in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial TEMPERATURE. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial TEMPERATURE.